1. a couple of 两三个，几个Although he thought of the key idea in 1951, the first maser was not completed until a couple of years later.

　　2. account for 解释Variations of clay composition and the temperatures at which they are fired account for the differences in texture and appearance.

　　3. adapt to 使适应于They have been able to adapt to ecological changes.

　　4. adorn with sth 用…装饰Some pots were adorned with incised or stamped decorations.

　　5. appeal to 吸引Publishing literature consisting of exciting stories that would appeal to both children and adults

　　6. apply to 适用于Ethological theory began to be applied to research on children in the 1960's.

　　7. at best 充其量，最多Hunting is at best a precarious way of procuring food, even when the diet is supplemented with seeds and fruits.

　　8. at intervals 相隔一定距离However, at intervals of 10 to 100 years, these glaciers move forward up to 100 times faster than usual.

　　9. at the expense of sth 在损害…的情况下A multitude of microorganisms make their livings directly at the expense of other creatures.

　　10. at the height of sth 在…最鼎盛时期The violin had reached the height of its popularity by the middle of the eighteenth Century.

　　11. back and forth 来回地　They then spiral back and forth between the Earth's magnetic poles very rapidly.

　　12. be absent from 缺席，不在Lacking the right to vote and absent from the seats of power, women line were not considered an important force in history.

　　13. be capable of 能…的Many animals are capable of using objects in the natural environment as rudimentary tools.

　　14. be characterized by 以…为特征The nervous system of vertebrates is characterized by a hollow, dorsal nerve cord that ends in the head region as an enlargement, the brain.15. be composed of 由…组成Ocean life is primarily composed of plants.

　　16. be concerned with 与某事物有关Ethnology is concerned with the study of adaptive, or survival, value of behavior and its Evolutionary history

　　17. be distinct from 与…不同Jupiter and the other giant planets are of a low-density type quite distinct from the terrestrial planets.

　　18. be essential to 对…不可缺少Public performance is essential to verbal art.

　　19. be exposed to 使接触，使遭受Body contact reduces the surface area exposed to the cold air.

　　20. be far from 离…很远，根本不是But far from being random, molt is controlled by strong evolutionary forces that have established an optimal time and duration.

　　21. be hostile to 极不友好的，极厌恶的Ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans.

　　22. be regarded as 被认为是Humanity's primal efforts to systematize the concepts of size, shapes, and number are usually regarded as the earliest mathematics.

　　23. be related to 与…有关的，相联系的Why is dancing closely related to popular music in the United States?

　　24. be responsible for 对…负责In fact, nuclear reactions that convert hydrogen to helium are responsible for most of the energy that stars produce.

　　25. be sensitive to 对…敏感的Ants can be extremely sensitive to these signals.26. be subjected to 经历，遭受Oil is formed when organic material trapped in sediments is slowly buried and subjected to increased temperatures and pressures, transforming it into petroleum.

　　27. be superior to 优越于Natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones.

　　28. be traced to 找出根源The ancestry of the piano can be traced to the early keyboard instruments of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.

　　29. be/become aware of 意识到，认识到People became aware of the new service by word of mouth or newspaper advertisements.

　　30. be/become/get accustomed to 习惯于In the harsh environment of northern Europe, Scandinavian women had been accustomed to practicing forms of shifting cultivation, and they immediately understood Native American horticulture.

　　31. be/become/get involved in 与…有关联的Two distinct processes are involved in molting.

　　32. benefit from 从…中受益Students benefit from schools, which require long hours and homework.

　　33. break down 分解All of these forces slowly break down the Earth's exposed rocky crust into smaller and smaller pieces that eventually become clay.

　　34. by far 到目前为止Marine sediment is by far the most important environment for the preservation of fossils.

　　35. by means of 通过，凭借The topic of the passage is developed primarily by means of adividing the discussion into two major areas.

　　36. by virtue of 由于Many are uninhabitable, by virtue of their small size and particular characteristics.

　　37. confine to 限制在一定范围之内The delivery service was at first confined to cities.38. conform to 符合Parks should be designed to conform to the topography of the area.

　　39. contribute to 有贡献，有助于Transportation contributed to the development and maintenance of trade.

　　40. cope with 对付Under certain circumstance the human body must cope with gases at greater-than-normal atmospheric pressure.

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